Created by. Despite being called the "greatest orator in America" by Benjamin Rush[31] and one of the best in the world by Bishop Thomas Coke,[30] Hosier was repeatedly passed over for ordination and permitted no vote during his attendance at the Christmas Conference that formally established American Methodism. This fifty year movement was rooted in Protestantism, and it caused many people to join Protestant denominations such as Baptist and Methodists. In an effort to give sermons that would resonate with the congregation, ministers stressed Christ's humility and forgiveness, in what the historian Barbara Welter calls a "feminization" of Christianity. By the late 1840s, however, the great day had receded to the distant future, and postmillennialism became a more passive religious dimension of the wider middle-class pursuit of reform and progress. Write. Matthews addresses the origins of the Second Great Awakening, as well as the characteristics that distinguish this movement. Charles Grandison Finney. [8][9] Charles Finney, a leading revivalist active in the area, coined the term. Baptists and Methodists in the South preached to slaveholders and slaves alike. The Second Great Awakening was a religious revival movement in the first half of the 19th century. Early Baptist congregations were formed by slaves and free African Americans in South Carolina and Virginia. What is the 4 facts about the first great awaken had many effects on the colonies? Young people (those under 25) also converted in greater numbers, and were the first to convert. It was partly spurred as a reaction to the French Revolution. [14] Upon their return home, most converts joined or created small local churches, which grew rapidly. [28] Social activism influenced abolition groups and supporters of the Temperance movement. It officially emerged around 1830. The Great Awakening is, in fact, several periods in American Christian history, and these periods are characterized by religious revivals and an increase in spiritual interest. In the 1830s, female moral reform societies rapidly spread across the North making it the first predominantly female social movement. [24]:368, Efforts to apply Christian teaching to the resolution of social problems presaged the Social Gospel of the late 19th century. The second great awakening was a religious revival in America. What caused the Second Great Awakening? The Second Great Awakening transformed American religion and society in a number of ways and can be traced to a number of interrelated causes. Second Great Awakening for kids: Background and History of the First Great Awakening The First Great Awakening began in 1725 and lasted up to 1750 during the Colonial period of American history. The Second Great Awakening consisted of many forms of religious revivals and religious reform groups offering salvation for all. https://ohiohistorycentral.org/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&oldid=36181. These revivals emphasized human beings' dependence upon God. Relevance. It is not clear why women converted in larger numbers than men. The Second Great Awakening occurred in several episodes and over different denominations; however, the revivals were very similar. "Falling for the Lord: Shame, Revivalism, and the Origins of the Second Great Awakening.". Spell. [citation needed] Another key component of the revivalists' techniques was the camp meeting. The SGA Began on the frontier in kentucky and reached the the area of the northeast. Matthews’s article also addresses prevailing scholarly views of the Second Great Awakening, though it should be noted that the article appeared in 1969. Matthews’s article also addresses prevailing scholarly views of the Second Great Awakening, though it should be noted that the article appeared in 1969. The Presbyterians and Methodists sponsored similar gatherings on a regular basis after the Revolution. These outdoor religious gatherings originated from field meetings and the Scottish Presbyterians' "Holy Fairs", which were brought to America in the mid-eighteenth century from Ireland, Scotland, and Britain's border counties. He eventually served as Oberlin College's president. While these services were often very emotional, they did not become hysterical gatherings as many earlier revivals had become. Cause: The Mormon practice of polygamy. As a result, church attendance increased during the first half of the nineteenth century. The Second Great Awakening was a religious revival in the early 19th century, which did exactly what the citizens needed: put order in their life spiritually. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1981. The consumer revolution. While the movement unified the colonies and boosted church growth, experts say it also caused division among those who supported it and those who rejected it. As a result, the numerical strength of the Baptists and Methodists rose relative to that of the denominations dominant in the colonial period—the Anglicans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists. The Second Great Awakening served as an "organizing process" that created "a religious and educational infrastructure" across the western frontier that encompassed social networks, a religious journalism that provided mass communication, and church-related colleges. In the Appalachian region of Tennessee and Kentucky, the revival energized Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists, and gave rise to the popular ca… Barbara Leslie Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity. Women made up a large part of these voluntary societies. A great encourager of such reforms was the evangelist Charles G. Finney. He began to spread his message in western New York during the early 1820s. New religious movements emerged during the Second Great Awakening, such as Adventism, Dispensationalism, and the Latter Day Saint movement. The Methodist Church used circuit ridersto reach people in frontier locations. He was an influential evangelist during the Second Great Awakening religious movement. The Second Great Awakening began in the 1790s in the United States, and lasted until the 1840s. T… Other people had become too consumed with earning a living to have time to worship God. However, women took other public roles; for example, relaying testimonials about their conversion experience, or assisting sinners (both male and female) through the conversion process. [10] Linda K. Pritchard uses statistical data to show that compared to the rest of New York State, the Ohio River Valley in the lower Midwest, and the country as a whole, the religiosity of the Burned-over District was typical rather than exceptional. Who was involved in the Great Awakening? Those who supported the revivalism and the New Measures were called “New Side” Presbyterians. 1816. These groups were unsatisfied with the already established faiths and created their own doctrines. George Fredrickson argues that Postmillennial theology "was an impetus to the promotion of Progressive reforms, as historians have frequently pointed out. So this is the essence of The Second Great Awakening and in the next video, I'll talk a little bit more about the social forces that caused The Second Great Awakening and the consequences of its proliferation in early 19th century America. There were camp meetings. A year later, in August 1801, an even larger sacrament occasion that is generally considered to be America's first camp meeting was held at Cane Ridge in Bourbon County, Kentucky, under Barton W. Stone (1772–1844) with numerous Presbyterian, Baptist, and Methodist ministers participating in the services. Flashcards. [15], The Revival of 1800 in Logan County, Kentucky, began as a traditional Presbyterian sacramental occasion. [24]:368 While the leaders of one of the two primary groups making up this movement, Thomas Campbell and Alexander Campbell, resisted what they saw as the spiritual manipulation of the camp meetings, the revivals contributed to the development of the other major branch, led by Barton W. Perhaps the most helpful way to begin understanding it is by emphasizing how different the dominant strains of Protestantism in 1850 were from those of the 1700s. [18] Cane Ridge was also instrumental in fostering what became known as the Restoration Movement, which consisted of non-denominational churches committed to what they viewed as the original, fundamental Christianity of the New Testament. The Second Great Awakening was a religious revival that spread across the United States from the 1790s to the 1830s. Finney was to bring in new methods and a new attitude towards revival. Abolition, temperance, access to education, marriage equality, voting rights, and prison reform all became issues of social improvement brought on by a belief in equality before god and individual control over salvation through good works as was laid out in the 2 nd Great Awakening. These reform movements later created either nationalism or sectionalism. Husbands, especially in the South, sometimes disapproved of their wives' conversion, forcing women to choose between submission to God or their spouses. What were the causes and effects of the Second Great Awakening? This second great awakening helped people personally connect with god and come to realizations about society with new movements being created. Some believed that God did not play an important role in everyday life. The consumer revolution. This fear of secularism had arisen during the Enlightenment, which resulted in the First Great Awakening (1720–1745). What is visual communication and why it matters; Nov. 20, 2020. Postmillennialist theology dominated American Protestantism in the first half of the 19th century. Perhaps the most influential evangelist of the Second Great Awakening was Charles Finney. If you are a student and want to know the basics about the Awakening, you may find the “Basic Concepts” to be helpful. Exuberant revivalist meetings ignited the interest in religion. Blog. [19][20], The converts during the Second Great Awakening were predominantly female. Nov. 21, 2020. Emotional religious experiences became important because Market Revolution caused their work and economic relationships to become less personal. The sheer exhilaration of participating in a religious revival with crowds of hundreds and perhaps thousands of people inspired the dancing, shouting, and singing associated with these events. It led to the founding of several well known colleges, seminaries and mission societies. Revivals were a key part of the movement and attracted hundreds of converts to new Protestant denominations. Cause: The Second Great Awakening. Church membership and religious activity gave women peer support and place for meaningful activity outside the home, providing many women with communal identity and shared experiences. All three of these congregations were under the ministry of James McGready. The Second Great Awakening (sometimes known simply as "the Great Awakening") was a religious revival that occurred in the United States beginning in the late eighteenth century and lasting until the middle of the nineteenth century. In the early ninet… Birdsall, Richard D. "The Second Great Awakening and the New England Social Order". The term “Great Awakening” describes a period of religious fervor, and that’s the core component of the Second Great Awakening. [32], Women, who made up the majority of converts during the Awakening, played a crucial role in its development and focus. https://pterrell11.wordpress.com/2013/02/04/what-was-the-great-awakening To immigrants in the early 19th century, the land in the United States seemed pristine, edenic and undefiled – "the perfect place to recover pure, uncorrupted and original Christianity" – and the tradition-bound European churches seemed out of place in this new setting. This leading to what we know as the second great awakening, taking place between the endings of the 18th century till the second half of the 19th century. Learn. A desire to reform the … A revival known as the Second Great Awakening began in New England in the 1790s. What caused the Great Awakening? [13], In the newly settled frontier regions, the revival was implemented through camp meetings. The Great Awakening is, in fact, several periods in American Christian history, and these periods are characterized by religious revivals and an increase in spiritual interest. The six-day gathering attracting perhaps as many as 20,000 people, although the exact number of attendees was not formally recorded. McGready was a stirring preacher and under his ministry an extensive awakening spread over north—central North Carolina after 1791. The Second Great Awakening was caused by the separation of church and state, industrialism, and western expansion, which are all outside factors, ultimately showing that the Second Great Awakening’s purpose was to change personal life in order to fit rapidly changing America. Gravity. The revival also inspired slaves to demand freedom. What is visual communication and why it matters; Nov. 20, 2020. "The Frontier Camp Meeting: Contemporary and Historical Appraisals, 1805–1840". The Methodist Church used circuit riders to reach people in frontier locations. As a result of declining religious convictions, many religious faiths sponsored religious revivals. The revivals first stirred during the 1790s, but two major events after the turn of the century are often given as the starting point for the Second Great Awakening. What was a consequence of the great awakening? Second Great Awakening AP Focus (Key Concept 4.1.II.a) The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants that influenced moral and social reforms and inspired utopian and other religious movements. Question 25 1 pts What caused the Second Great Awakening? The Second Great Awakening rendered the nation more united in terms of a broadly accepted Protestantism even as it led to the multiplication of different sects and denominations. The outpouring of religious fervor and revival began in Kentucky and Tennessee in the 1790s and early 1800s among the Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists. State legislatures[which?] It gathered strength from the postmillennial belief that the Second Coming … They would often travel between towns and talk about the gospel, promoting Christianity … Generally less emotional than the Great Awakening, the Second Great Awakening led to the founding of colleges and seminaries and to the organization of mission societies. Many people in the U.S. were convinced to more actively dedicate their lives to God and to live in a godly manner. [43], The religious enthusiasm of the Second Great Awakening was echoed by the new political enthusiasm of the Second Party System. Generally less emotional than the Great Awakening, the Second Great Awakening led to the founding of colleges and seminaries and to the organization of mission societies. Adherents and interested parties would spend several days hearing the word of God from various religious leaders. Griffin, Clifford S. "Religious Benevolence as Social Control, 1815–1860". Conforti, Joseph. These "Great Awakenings" happened between the 18th and late 20th century and were generally led by Protestant ministers. Newer denominations, such as Methodists and Baptists, grew quickly. The Second Great Awakening, which spread religion through revivals and emotional preaching, sparked a number of reform movements. 1820. It was caused when there were shifts in theology and in religious thinking and American Christians took it upon themselves to reform society. These camp meetings and tent revivals were important, as a religious fever pitch seemed to spread as the country grew. [6] The movement quickly spread throughout Kentucky, Indiana, Tennessee, and southern Ohio, as well as other regions of the United States and Canada. The ideas of social equality that came about with the advent of the new nation trickled down to religion, and the movement to be … Perhaps equally important was his influence upon young men such as Barton W. Stone and William McGee. After first submitting to oversight by the established Methodist bishops, several AME congregations finally left to form the first independent African-American denomination in the United States in 1816. [11], On the American frontier, evangelical denominations, especially Methodists and Baptists, sent missionary preachers and exhorters to meet the people in the backcountry in an effort to support the growth of church membership and the formation of new congregations. Up Next. Blog. The Great Awakening was a spiritual renewal that swept the American Colonies, particularly New England, during the first half of the 18th Century. Conversions and congregations started with the First Great Awakening, resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800. [25], Congregationalists set up missionary societies to evangelize the western territory of the northern tier. Who was Jonathan Edwards? Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, Elizabeth J.Clapp, and Julie Roy Jeffrey, ed., Women, Dissent and Anti-slavery in Britain and America, 1790–1865, (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2011): 13–14, Barbara Welter, "The Feminization of American Religion: 1800–1860," in Clio's Consciousness Raised, edited by Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner. The Second Great Awakening, 1800-1840.In 1800, only one in 15 of America’s population of 5,300,000 belonged to an evangelical church.9 Presbyterian minister James McGready presided over strange spiritual manifestations in Logan County, Ky. Various scholarly theories attribute the discrepancy to a reaction to the perceived sinfulness of youthful frivolity, an inherent greater sense of religiosity in women, a communal reaction to economic insecurity, or an assertion of the self in the face of patriarchal rule. The movement rejected Calvinism and promoted the idea that humans not only had freewill but could determine, through their actions, whether or not they deserved salvation. Gratitude in the workplace: How gratitude can improve your well-being and relationships The awakening rejected deism of the Enlightenment and skeptical rationalism. The Second Great Awakening happened. Varel, David A. [41], Protestant religious revival in the early 19th-century United States, George M. Fredrickson, "The Coming of the Lord: The Northern Protestant Clergy and the Civil War Crisis," in. Among the new denominations that grew from the religious ferment of the Second Great Awakening are the Churches of Christ, Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), the Seventh-day Adventist Church, and the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada. A desire to reform the U.S. also arose out of the Second Great Awakening. "[7] During the Second Great Awakening of the 1830s, some diviners expected the millennium to arrive in a few years. The Second Great Awakening commenced in the late 18 th century, gained momentum in the early 19 th century, and was at its peak in the middle of the 19 th century. Evangelists often directly addressed issues such as slavery, greed, and poverty, laying the groundwork for later reform movements. Johnson, Charles A. The camp-meetings featured zealous preachers who applied Christian teaching to the resolution of the social problems of the day. The Second Great Awakening began in 1800, t he movement spread through southern Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee. The Enlightenment. It arose in several places and in several active forms. As a result, local churches saw their roles in society in purifying the world through the individuals to whom they could bring salvation, and through changes in the law and the creation of institutions. Most of the religious revivals occurred as camp meetings. What were the effects of the Great Awakening? Interest in transforming the world was applied to mainstream political action, as temperance activists, antislavery advocates, and proponents of other variations of reform sought to implement their beliefs into national politics. While it occurred in all parts of the United States, it was especially strong in the Northeast and the Midwest. [32] With the growth in congregations and churches, Baptist associations formed in Virginia, for instance, as well as Kentucky and other states. Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere. Test. Many people in the U.S. living on the frontier did not have regular contact with their neighbors. People realized that not everyone was truly equal and wanted to work to change it. Though its roots are in the First Great Awakening and earlier, a re-emphasis on Wesleyan teachings on sanctification emerged during the Second Great Awakening, leading to a distinction between Mainline Methodism and Holiness churches. The consumer revolution. citizens needed order in their life. Effect: aroused persecution from morally traditionalist Americas and delayed statehood for Utah. The Second Great Awakening was unlike the first, in that many people were converted into different sects of Christianity through camp meetings and tent revivals. The resulting camp meeting revivals drew thousands from as far away as Ohio.10,11 Rev. This duty extended beyond American borders to include Christian Restorationism. This second great awakening helped people personally connect with god and come to realizations about society with new movements being created. 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